Anti-cancer drugs with various mechanisms emerge in succession, but most of free
therapeutics are accompanied by some disadvantages, such as poor safety and …

Nanosized extracellular vesicles derived from bacteria contain diverse cargo and transfer
intercellular bioactive molecules to cells. Due to their favorable intercellular interactions, cell …

Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that
contain components from their mother cells. Bacterial EVs are similar in size to mammalian …

Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are cupped-shaped structures formed by bacteria in
response to environmental stress, genetic alteration, antibiotic exposure, and others. Due to …

Cancer therapy is undergoing a paradigm shift toward immunotherapy focusing on various
approaches to activate the host immune system. As research to identify appropriate immune …

Bacterial or fungal membrane vesicles, traditionally considered as microbial metabolic
wastes, are secreted mainly from the outer membrane or cell membrane of microorganisms …

The prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is on the rise as the population
ages. The presence of various obstacles, particularly the blood-brain barrier (BBB), poses a …

The therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from eukaryotes has gained strong interest
in recent years. However, research into the therapeutic application of their bacterial …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale spherical vesicles released from Gram‐
negative bacteria. The lipid bilayer membrane structure of OMVs consists of similar …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are valued for their unique, convenient, and amendable
functions. They are flexible, controllable nanoparticles, which can be modified in different …