Extracellular vesicles are produced by species across all domains of life, suggesting that
vesiculation represents a fundamental principle of living matter. In Gram-negative bacteria …

Secretion of cellular components across the plasma membrane is an essential process that
enables organisms to interact with their environments. Production of extracellular vesicles in …

The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Cells from all three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, produce extracellular
vesicles (EVs) which are sometimes associated with filamentous structures known as …

The intestinal microbiota influences mammalian host physiology in health and disease
locally in the gut but also in organs devoid of direct contact with bacteria such as the liver …

Bacterial membrane vesicles are proteoliposomal nanoparticles produced by both Gram-
negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As they originate from the outer surface of the bacteria …

The major constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is
lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is comprised of lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O …

Antibiotic therapy is one of the most important approaches against bacterial infections.
However, the improper use of antibiotics and the emergence of drug resistance have …

Bacterial cells communicate with host cells and other bacteria through the release of
membrane vesicles known as bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEV). BEV are established …

Gram-negative bacteria ubiquitously produce and release nano-size, non-replicative outer
membrane vesicles (OMVs). In the gastrointestinal (GI-) tract, OMVs generated by members …