Aging is accompanied by remodeling of the immune system. With time, this leads to a
decline in immune efficacy, resulting in increased vulnerability to infectious diseases …

IL-2 was first identified as a growth factor capable of driving the expansion of activated
human T cell populations. In the more than 40 years since its discovery, a tremendous …

The common cytokine receptor γ chain, γ c, is a component of the receptors for interleukin-2
(IL-2), IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Mutation of the gene encoding γ c results in X-linked …

Overview IL-7 is a member of the family of cytokines with four anti-parallel α helixes that bind
Type I cytokine receptors. It is produced by stromal cells and is required for development …

Purpose Interleukin-15 (IL-15) has significant potential in cancer immunotherapy as an
activator of antitumor CD8 T and natural killer (NK) cells. The primary objectives of this trial …

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced after antigen activation that plays
pivotal roles in the immune response. Discovered as a T cell growth factor, IL-2 additionally …

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second-leading cause of cancer
deaths in women. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) promote metastasis and therapeutic …

B cells develop from hematopoietic precursor cells in an ordered maturation and selection
process. Extensive studies with many different mouse mutants provided fundamental …

Immune cells and epithelium form sophisticated barrier systems in symbiotic relationships
with microbiota. Evidence suggests that immune cells can sense microbes through intact …

The existence of a common lymphoid progenitor that can only give rise to T cells, B cells,
and natural killer (NK) cells remains controversial and constitutes an important gap in the …