The mountain cryosphere of mainland Europe is recognized to have important impacts on a
range of environmental processes. In this paper, we provide an overview on the current …

Snow avalanches are a major natural hazard, endangering human life and infrastructure in
mountainous areas throughout the world. In many countries with seasonally snow‐covered …

The numerical formulation of a one-dimensional physical snowpack model is presented. The
model is operationally employed on a day-to-day basis by avalanche warners to predict …

We present a review of the changing state of European permafrost within a spatial zone that
includes the continuous high latitude arctic permafrost of Svalbard and the discontinuous …

The snow cover model SNOWPACK includes a detailed model of snow microstructure and
metamorphism. In SNOWPACK, the complex texture of snow is described using the four …

This paper reviews measurement techniques and corresponding devices used to determine
the physical properties of the seasonal snowpack from distances close to the ground …

The development of the seasonal snow cover is entirely driven by atmospheric forcing.
SNOWPACK uses measured snow depths to determine snow precipitation rates via the …

Current models of snow cover distribution, soil moisture, surface runoff and river discharge
typically have very simple parameterizations of surface processes, such as degree‐day …

The inhomogeneous snow distribution found in alpine terrain is the result of wind and
precipitation interacting with the (snow) surface over topography. We introduce and explain …

Snow cover plays a major role in the climate, hydrological and ecological systems of the
Arctic and other regions through its influence on the surface energy balance (eg reflectivity) …