Decades ago, mitogen-promoted signaling duration and strength were observed to be
sensed by the cell and to be critical for its decisions: to proliferate or differentiate. Landmark …

A growing number of studies are revealing that cells can send and receive information by
controlling the temporal behavior (dynamics) of their signaling molecules. In this Review, we …

The complex, interconnected architecture of cell-signaling networks makes it challenging to
disentangle how cells process extracellular information to make decisions. We have …

Human-made information relay systems invariably incorporate central regulatory
components, which are mirrored in biological systems by dense feedback and feedforward …

Quantitative computational models play an increasingly important role in modern biology.
Such models typically involve many free parameters, and assigning their values is often a …

The specificity of cellular responses to receptor stimulation is encoded by the spatial and
temporal dynamics of downstream signalling networks. Temporal dynamics are coupled to …

A distinctive feature of many biological systems is their ability to adapt to persistent stimuli or
disturbances that would otherwise drive them away from a desirable steady state. The …

Zinc is an essential trace element required for enzymatic activity and for maintaining the
conformation of many transcription factors; thus, zinc homeostasis is tightly regulated …

Although the mechanisms that lead to activation of the Ras, extracellular-signal-regulated
kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/ERK-MAPK) signaling pathway have been …

RAS proteins are small GTPases, which serve as master regulators of a myriad of signaling
cascades involved in highly diverse cellular processes. RAS oncogenes have been …