Many research questions in Earth and environmental sciences are inherently causal,
requiring robust analyses to establish whether and how changes in one variable cause …

Physics is a field of science that has traditionally used the scientific method to answer
questions about why natural phenomena occur and to make testable models that explain the …

Water-use efficiency is the amount of carbon assimilated per water used by an ecosystem
and a key indicator of ecosystem functioning, but its variability in response to climate change …

Climate models are essential to understand and project climate change, yet long‐standing
biases and uncertainties in their projections remain. This is largely associated with the …

Accurate estimation of carbon cycle is a challenging task owing to the complexity and
heterogeneity of ecosystems. Carbon Use Efficiency (CUE) is a metric to define the ability of …

Ecosystems are projected to face extreme high temperatures more frequently in the near
future. Various biotic co** strategies exist to prevent heat stress. Controlled experiments …

In the air traffic control (ATC) system, delays are tightly coupled among airports.
Understanding the interactions of these delays is a prerequisite for accurate prediction …

Accurate forecasting of water quality variables in river systems is crucial for relevant
administrators to identify potential water quality degradation issues and take …

Estimating gross primary production (GPP), the gross uptake of CO 2 by vegetation, is a
fundamental prerequisite for understanding and quantifying the terrestrial carbon cycle. Over …

Discovering causal relations from observational time series without making the stationary
assumption is a significant challenge. In practice, this challenge is common in many areas …