Abstract China has 6.6 million km2 of drylands that support approximately 580 million
people. These drylands are at risk of desertification. In this Review, the changes observed in …

Understanding dryland dynamics is essential to predict future climate trajectories. However,
there remains large uncertainty on the extent to which drylands are expanding or greening …

Climate change and human activities increasingly threaten lakes that store 87% of Earth's
liquid surface fresh water. Yet, recent trends and drivers of lake volume change remain …

AI is undergoing a paradigm shift with the rise of models (eg, BERT, DALL-E, GPT-3) that are
trained on broad data at scale and are adaptable to a wide range of downstream tasks. We …

Terrestrial ecosystems are essential for food and water security and CO2 uptake. Ecosystem
function is dependent on the availability of soil moisture, yet it is unclear how climate change …

Relationships between biodiversity and multiple ecosystem functions (that is, ecosystem
multifunctionality) are context-dependent. Both plant and soil microbial diversity have been …

Drylands are an essential component of the Earth System and are among the most
vulnerable to climate change. In this Review, we synthesize observational and modelling …

Despite the growing interest in predicting global and regional trends in vegetation
productivity in response to a changing climate, changes in water constraint on vegetation …

Dryness stress can limit vegetation growth and is often characterized by low soil moisture
(SM) and high atmospheric water demand (vapor pressure deficit, VPD). However, the …

Climate change is one of the most severe threats to global lake ecosystems. Lake surface
conditions, such as ice cover, surface temperature, evaporation and water level, respond …