Artificial spin ices consist of nanomagnets arranged on the sites of various periodic and
aperiodic lattices. They have enabled the experimental investigation of a variety of …

Frustration, the presence of competing interactions, is ubiquitous in the physical sciences
and is a source of degeneracy and disorder, which in turn gives rise to new and interesting …

Magnetic monopoles have been predicted to occur as emergent fractional quasiparticles
inside pyrochlore spin ice, a frustrated magnetic insulator. Experimental signatures of such …

Free monopoles have fascinated and eluded researchers since their prediction by Dirac in
1931. In spin ice, the bulk frustrated magnet, local ordering principles known as ice rules …

Artificial spin ice is a class of lithographically created arrays of interacting ferromagnetic
nanometre-scale islands. It was introduced to investigate many-body phenomena related to …

Lithographic processing and film growth technologies are continuing to advance, so that it is
now possible to create patterned ferroic materials consisting of arrays of sub-1 μm elements …

Artificial spin ice comprises a class of frustrated arrays of interacting single-domain
ferromagnetic nanostructures. Previous studies of artificial spin ice have focused on simple …

We study the thermal relaxation of artificial spin ice with photoemission electron microscopy,
and are able to directly observe how such a system finds its way from an energetically …

Two-dimensional artificial spin-ice systems constructed from arrays of dipolar coupled
monodomain magnets offer an experimental route to study the physics of frustration and a …

The Coulomb phase, with its dipolar correlations and pinch-point–scattering patterns, is
central to discussions of geometrically frustrated systems, from water ice to binary and mixed …