To contend with the diversity and ubiquity of bacteriophages and other mobile genetic
elements, bacteria have developed an arsenal of immune defence mechanisms. Bacterial …

Bacteria encode an arsenal of diverse systems that defend against phage infection. A
common theme uniting many prevalent antiphage defense systems is the use of specialized …

Viruses compete with each other for limited cellular resources, and some deliver defence
mechanisms that protect the host from competing genetic parasites. The phage …

Bacteria encode hundreds of diverse defence systems that protect them from viral infection
and inhibit phage propagation,,,–. Gabija is one of the most prevalent anti-phage defence …

Anti-prokaryotic immune system (APIS) proteins, typically encoded by phages, prophages,
and plasmids, inhibit prokaryotic immune systems (eg restriction modification, toxin-antitoxin …

The co-evolution of prokaryotes, phages and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) has driven
the diversification of defense and anti-defense systems alike. Anti-defense proteins have …

Bacteria defend against phage infection through a variety of antiphage defence systems.
Many defence systems were recently shown to deplete cellular nicotinamide adenine …

Prokaryotic anti-phage immune systems use TIR and cGAS-like enzymes to produce 1′′-
3′-glycocyclic ADP-ribose (1′′-3′-gcADPR) and cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) and cyclic …

Phages and their bacterial hosts together constitute a vast and diverse ecosystem. Facing
the infection of phages, prokaryotes have evolved a wide range of antiviral mechanisms …

DNA degradation (Dnd) is a widespread bacterial antiphage defence system that relies on
DNA phosphorothioate (PT) modification for self/non-self discrimination and subsequent …