BACKGROUND Climate change impacts have now been documented across every
ecosystem on Earth, despite an average warming of only~ 1° C so far. Here, we describe the …

Zooplankton are major consumers of phytoplankton primary production in marine
ecosystems. As such, they represent a critical link for energy and matter transfer between …

We show that the distributions of both exploited and nonexploited North Sea fishes have
responded markedly to recent increases in sea temperature, with nearly two-thirds of …

Climate change is altering habitats for marine fishes and invertebrates, but the net effect of
these changes on potential food production is unknown. We used temperature-dependent …

Poleward and upward shifts are the most frequent types of range shifts that have been
reported in response to contemporary climate change. However, the number of reports …

Phenology, the study of annually recurring life cycle events such as the timing of migrations
and flowering, can provide particularly sensitive indicators of climate change. Changes in …

A cause-and-effect understanding of climate influences on ecosystems requires evaluation
of thermal limits of member species and of their ability to cope with changing temperatures …

The new edition of this widely respected text provides comprehensive and up-to-date
coverage of the effects of biological–physical interactions in the oceans from the microscopic …

Over the past decade, accelerating rates of species extinction have prompted an increasing
number of studies to reduce species diversity experimentally and examine how this alters …

Understanding how climate change will affect the planet is a key issue worldwide. Questions
concerning the pace and impacts of climate change are thus central to many ecological and …