Current highly automated vehicle concepts include reclined seat layouts that could allow
occupants to relax during the drive. The main objective of this study was to investigate the …

Sled tests focused on pelvis behavior and submarining can be found in the literature.
However, they were performed either with rigid seats or with commercial seats. The …

Load limiters at seat track, seat, seat back, and lap belt were investigated to determine their
effect on pelvis and lumbar spine loading, using the SAFER human body model and models …

Purpose The risk of submarining during automotive crashes, defined by the lap belt sliding
off the pelvis to load the abdomen, is predicted to increase in future autonomous vehicles as …

The objective of this study was to compare the kinematics of the head-neck, torso, pelvis,
and lower extremities and document injuries and their patterns to small female occupants in …

Abstract Nine Post Mortem Human Subject (PMHS) tests were published by Luet et al.(2012)
as a reference for submarining assessment. These tests suffered limitations, however, due to …

Iliac wing fractures due to lap belt loading have been identified in laboratory tests for almost
50 years and an analysis of recent data suggests these injuries are also occurring in the …

Injuries to the hollow organs of the lower digestive system carry substantial risk of
complication due to infection and blood loss, and commonly require invasive abdominal …

Pelvis fractures between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and anterior inferior iliac
spine (AIIS) have been observed in frontal-crash sled tests over the last 50 years. This paper …

Reclining is a dangerous posture for occupants in moving vehicles, not only because it can
easily induce submarining and cause abdominal injury, but also because it may increase …