BACKGROUND Host immune responses are classically divided into innate immune
responses, which react rapidly and nonspecifically upon encountering a pathogen, and …

The microbiota plays an essential role in the education, development, and function of the
immune system, both locally and systemically. Emerging experimental and epidemiological …

Introduction Trained immunity refers to the memory characteristics of the innate immune
system. Memory traits of innate immunity have been reported in plants and invertebrates, as …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative disease
characterized by α-synucleinopathy, which involves all districts of the brain-gut axis …

The gut microbiota significantly regulates the development and function of the innate and
adaptive immune system. The attribute of immunological memory has long been linked only …

Classical and non-classical monocytes, and the macrophages and monocyte-derived
dendritic cells they produce, play key roles in host defense against pathogens, immune …

Trained immunity is a process in which innate immune cells undergo functional
reprogramming in response to pathogens or damage‐associated molecules leading to an …

Over the last decades, there was increasing evidence for the presence of innate immune
memory in living organisms. In this review, we compare the innate immune memory of …

Significance: A growing body of clinical and experimental evidence has challenged the
traditional understanding that only the adaptive immune system can mount immunological …

Clinical evidence strongly suggests that certain live vaccines, in particular bacille Calmette–
Guérin (BCG) and measles vaccines, can reduce all-cause mortality, most probably through …