The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

The gut microbiome has a tremendous influence on human physiology, including the
nervous system. During fetal development, the initial colonization of the microbiome …

Cytokines are proteins secreted in the central nervous system by neurons, microglia,
astrocytes and infiltrating peripheral immune cells under physiological and pathological …

A growing body of research has indicated that acute stress can critically impact memory.
However, there are a number of inconsistencies in the literature, and important questions …

The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is emerging as a molecule with both beneficial
and destructive potentials. It can exert opposing actions triggering either neuron survival …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous disease affecting one out of five
individuals and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Presently, MDD is considered a …

Many patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are reported to have higher levels of
multiple inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6). Recent studies both pre …

The immune and inflammatory system is involved in the etiology of mood disorders.
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and …

Social stress can lead to the development of psychological problems ranging from
exaggerated anxiety and depression to antisocial and violence-related behaviors …

This paper reviews that cell-mediated-immune (CMI) activation and inflammation contribute
to depressive symptoms, including anhedonia; anxiety-like behaviors; fatigue and somatic …