The course of pupillary constriction and dilation provides an easy-to-access, inexpensive,
and noninvasive readout of brain activity. We propose a new taxonomy of factors affecting …

Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do
these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three …

Behavioral activities that require control over automatic routines typically feel effortful and
result in cognitive fatigue. Beyond subjective report, cognitive fatigue has been conceived as …

Cognitive pupillometry is the measurement of pupil size to investigate cognitive processes
such as attention, mental effort, working memory, and many others. Currently, there is no …

Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response to brightness (the
pupil light response), constrict in response to near fixation (the pupil near response), and …

The ability to detect users' emotions for the purpose of emotion engineering is currently one
of the main endeavors of machine learning in affective computing. Among the more common …

Rapid variations in cortical state during wakefulness have a strong influence on neural and
behavioural responses and are tightly coupled to changes in pupil size across species …

Many aspects of cognition and behaviour are regulated by noradrenergic projections to the
forebrain originating from the locus coeruleus, acting through alpha and beta …

This review provides an introduction to two eyetracking measures that can be used to study
cognitive development and plasticity: pupil dilation and spontaneous blink rate. We begin by …

Changes in pupil diameter that reflect effort and other cognitive factors are often interpreted
in terms of the activity of norepinephrine-containing neurons in the brainstem nucleus locus …