It is imperative to search for appropriate processes to convert wastes into energy, chemicals,
and materials to establish a circular bio-economy toward sustainable development …

The growing global population is posing severe stress on the earth's carrying capacity in
terms of food, water, and energy supply. Biomass is the only renewable alternative that can …

Oily sludge, an inherent byproduct of the petroleum industry, presents dual characteristics of
petroleum resources and hazardous waste. Owing to the unique physicochemical properties …

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the main way of lignocellulosic biomass utilization, while the
management of digestate from AD has been a major obstacle to the sustainable operation of …

Gasification is one of the most significant and well-researched pathways to produce energy
from biomass among the different options available. It is a conversion through thermo …

Char is a valuable product obtained from thermochemical conversion processes of different
biomass feedstocks, mainly pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). In this work …

Renewable biomass and its waste are considered among the most promising applications
materials owing to the depletion of fossil fuel and concerns about environmental pollution …

Anaerobic digestion is an efficient way of using a wet fraction of municipal solid waste
(MSW) for energy purposes as it can produce biogas. The moisture content of the digestate …

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a promising green technology to produce green
hydrogen from biomass sources. SCWG uses water at supercritical conditions (temperature> …

Aqueous phase byproduct from hydrothermal carbonization of sludge (named AHT) has
high COD and TOC, supercritical water gasification (SCWG) can efficiently convert AHT into …