The chemical identity of RNA molecules beyond the four standard ribonucleosides has
fascinated scientists since pseudouridine was characterized as the “fifth” ribonucleotide in …

Modified nucleotides in mRNA are an essential addition to the standard genetic code of four
nucleotides in animals, plants, and their viruses. The emerging field of epitranscriptomics …

Abstract N 4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) is an ancient and highly conserved RNA modification that
is present on tRNA and rRNA and has recently been investigated in eukaryotic mRNA …

Organisms from all domains of life invest a substantial amount of energy for the introduction
of RNA modifications into nearly all transcripts studied to date. Instrumental analysis of RNA …

Abstract KEOPS (K inase, E ndopeptidase and O ther P roteins of S mall size) is a five-
subunit protein complex that is highly conserved in eukaryotes and archaea and is essential …

Mass spectrometry is an important method for analysis of modified nucleosides ubiquitously
present in cellular RNAs, in particular for ribosomal and transfer RNAs that play crucial roles …

There has been recent interest in trying to understand the connection between transfer RNA
(tRNA) posttranscriptional modifications and changes in-cellular environmental conditions …

Among RNAs, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) contain the widest variety of abundant
posttranscriptional chemical modifications. These modifications are crucial for tRNAs to …

Liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) has become the gold‐
standard technique to study RNA and its various modifications. While most research on RNA …

Abstract N 6-Threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A) is a universal and pivotal tRNA
modification. KEOPS in eukaryotes participates in its biogenesis, whose mutations are …