Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

Abstract The Arctic Ocean is a focal point of climate change, with ocean warming,
freshening, sea‐ice decline, and circulation that link to the changing atmospheric and …

In much of western-central Europe, summer temperatures have surged three times faster
than the global mean warming since 1980, yet this is not captured by most climate model …

By synthesizing recent studies employing a wide range of approaches (modern
observations, paleo reconstructions, and climate model simulations), this paper provides a …

Earth's climate history is often understood by breaking it down into constituent climatic
epochs. Over the Common Era (the past 2,000 years) these epochs, such as the Little Ice …

Climate tip** elements are large-scale subsystems of the Earth that may transgress critical
thresholds (tip** points) under ongoing global warming, with substantial impacts on the …

Abstract The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is responsible for a
variable and climatically important northward transport of heat. Using data from an array of …

The Arctic marine biome, shrinking with increasing temperature and receding sea-ice cover,
is tightly connected to lower latitudes through the North Atlantic. By flowing northward …

During recent decades Arctic sea ice variability and retreat during winter have largely been
a result of variable ocean heat transport (OHT). Here we use the Community Earth System …

Abstract The North Atlantic experiences climate variability on multidecadal scales, which is
sometimes referred to as Atlantic multidecadal variability. However, the relative contributions …