Persistent racial disparities in students' disciplinary outcomes have been one of the most
concerning educational policy and equity topics for decades. Despite the hypervisibility of …

Bridging research in social psychology with scholarship on racialized organizations, this
article shows how individual bias and organizational demographic composition can operate …

Concerns around disparities in suspensions and expulsions from schools in the United
States have resulted in a concerted effort to reduce the use of exclusionary school discipline …

School suspension and expulsion are important forms of punishment that disproportionately
affect Black students, with long-term consequences for educational attainment and other …

Although Black and Latinx students disproportionately face exclusionary school discipline,
prior research finds that the likelihood of suspension for Black students decreases when …

We use novel data on disciplinary referrals, including those that do not lead to suspensions,
to better understand the origins of racial disparities in exclusionary discipline. We find …

Corporal punishment (CP), or inflicting pain through spanking, hitting, and paddling, is still
legally sanctioned and exercised in US schools. We use critical discourse analysis and draw …

Well-documented racial disparities in rates of exclusionary discipline may arise from
differences in unobservable student behavior or from bias, in which treatment for the same …

The Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) allows high-poverty schools to offer free meals to
all students regardless of household income. Conceptualizing universal meal provision as a …

Despite interest in the contributions of school discipline to the creation of racial inequality,
previous research has been unable to identify how students who receive suspensions in …