Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for decades for tumor
treatment because of its non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, lower side-effects, and …

Photothermal therapy (PTT), which utilizes near‐infrared light‐absorbing agents to ablate
tumor, has emerged as a highly promising anticancer strategy and received intensive …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) show a self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential that
contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance. However, the underlying processes …

Around the globe, surges of bacterial diseases are causing serious health threats and
related concerns. Recently, the metal ion release and photodynamic and photothermal …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are heterogeneous, possess self-renewal attributes, and
orchestrate important crosstalk in tumors. We propose that the CSC state represents" …

Calcium ion is vital for the regulation of many cellular functions and serves as a second
messenger in the signal transduction pathways. Once the intracellular Ca2+ level exceeds …

Autophagy is fundamental to the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis in virtually all
human cells. Accordingly, defective autophagy predisposes healthy cells to undergoing …

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are well-known 4-aminoquinoline
antimalarial agents. Scientific evidence also supports the use of CQ and HCQ in the …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to make a significant impact on cancer
treatment. PDT can sensitize malignant tissues to light, leading to a highly selective effect if …

Autophagy triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT)
generally exhibits an anti-apoptotic effect to promote cell survival. Herein, an innovative …