Fibrosis can affect any organ and is responsible for up to 45% of all deaths in the
industrialized world. It has long been thought to be relentlessly progressive and irreversible …

Macrophages play key roles in all phases of adult wound healing, which are inflammation,
proliferation, and remodeling. As wounds heal, the local macrophage population transitions …

IFNγ is a cytokine with important roles in tissue homeostasis, immune and inflammatory
responses and tumour immunosurveillance. Signalling by the IFNγ receptor activates the …

There is growing evidence that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based immunosuppression
was mainly attributed to the effects of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). MSC …

Traumatic spinal cord injury results in severe and irreversible loss of function. The injury
triggers a complex cascade of inflammatory and pathological processes, culminating in …

Tissue repair after injury is a complex, metabolically demanding process. Depending on the
tissue's regenerative capacity and the quality of the inflammatory response, the outcome is …

Tissue injury triggers a complex series of cellular responses, starting from inflammation
activated by tissue and cell damage and proceeding to healing. By clearing cell debris …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal
tract. Cytokine-targeted therapies have transformed the treatment of IBD, providing control of …

Abstract 'Jack of all trades, master of everything'is a fair label for transforming growth factor
β1 (TGF-β)–a cytokine that controls our life at many levels. In the adult organism, TGF-β1 is …

Myofibroblasts are the construction workers of wound healing and repair damaged tissues
by producing and organizing collagen/extracellular matrix (ECM) into scar tissue. Scar tissue …