How bacterial chemotaxis is performed is much better understood than why. Traditionally,
chemotaxis has been understood as a foraging strategy by which bacteria enhance their …

Most swimming bacteria are capable of following gradients of nutrients, signaling molecules
and other environmental factors that affect bacterial physiology. This tactic behavior became …

Out of equilibrium, a lack of reciprocity is the rule rather than the exception. Non-reciprocity
occurs, for instance, in active matter,,,,–, non-equilibrium systems,–, networks of neurons …

Visual adaptation allows organisms to accurately perceive the external world even in
dramatically changing environments, from dim starlight to bright sunlight. In particular …

Near equilibrium, small current fluctuations are described by a Gaussian distribution with a
linear-response variance regulated by the dissipation. Here, we demonstrate that dissipation …

Biomolecular systems like molecular motors or pumps, transcription and translation
machinery, and other enzymatic reactions, can be described as Markov processes on a …

Life is characterized by a myriad of complex dynamic processes allowing organisms to grow,
reproduce, and evolve. Physical approaches for describing systems out of thermodynamic …

Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Enzymatic activity can induce
broken detailed balance at the molecular scale. This molecular scale breaking of detailed …

The principle of microscopic reversibility says that, in equilibrium, two-time cross-correlations
are symmetric under the exchange of observables. Thus, the asymmetry of cross …

Stochastic thermodynamics as reviewed here systematically provides a framework for
extending the notions of classical thermodynamics such as work, heat and entropy …