BACKGROUND In the Anthropocene, there is a need to better understand the catastrophic
effects that climate and land-use change may have on ecosystems, Earth system …

Recent advances in ecology and biogeography demonstrate the importance of fire and large
herbivores–and challenge the primacy of climate–to our understanding of the distribution …

The Amazon forest is regarded as a tip** element of the Earth system, susceptible to a
regime change from tropical forest to savanna and grassland due to anthropogenic land use …

The forest, savanna, and grassland biomes, and the transitions between them, are expected
to undergo major changes in the future due to global climate change. Dynamic global …

Ecologists are being challenged to predict how ecosystems will respond to climate changes.
According to the Multi‐Colored World (MCW) hypothesis, climate impacts may not manifest …

Over the last century, many grasslands worldwide have transitioned from a graminoid to a
tree/shrub‐dominated state in a short period of time, a phenomenon referred to as woody …

The mechanisms permitting the co-existence of tree and grass in savannas have been a
source of contention for many years. The two main classes of explanations involve either …

Recent observations suggest that repeated fires could drive Mediterranean forests to
shrublands, hosting flammable vegetation that regrows quickly after fire. This feedback …

Woody plants are spreading in many alpine and subalpine ecosystems and are expected to
continue increasing in response to land abandonment and global warming. This …

Many species are expanding their distributions to higher latitudes due to global warming.
Understanding the mechanisms underlying these distribution shifts is critical for better …