Antarctic landfast sea ice (fast ice) is stationary sea ice that is attached to the coast,
grounded icebergs, ice shelves, or other protrusions on the continental shelf. Fast ice forms …

Polar sea ice is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth. The liquid brine fraction of the ice
matrix is home to a diverse array of organisms, ranging from tiny archaea to larger fish and …

Although Antarctic sea ice is undergoing a slight increase in overall extent, major regional
changes are occurring in its spatio-temporal characteristics (most notably in sea ice …

At present, although seasonal sea-ice cover mitigates atmosphere-ocean gas exchange, the
Arctic Ocean takes up carbon dioxide (CO 2) on the order of− 66 to− 199 Tg C year− 1 (10 …

Observations from the last decade suggest an important role of sea ice in the global
biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the …

A quantitative assessment of observed and projected environmental changes in the
Southern Ocean (SO) with a potential impact on the marine ecosystem shows:(i) large …

Although much remains to be learned about the Arctic and its component processes, many
of the most urgent scientific, engineering, and social questions can only be approached …

The physical properties of Arctic sea ice determine its habitability. Whether ice-dwelling
organisms can change those properties has rarely been addressed. Following discovery …

We report on the discovery of the mineral ikaite (CaCO3· 6H2O) in sea‐ice from the
Southern Ocean. The precipitation of CaCO3 during the freezing of seawater has previously …

Polar regions have great sensitivity to climate forcing; however, understanding of the
physical processes coupling the atmosphere and ocean in these regions is relatively poor …