Recent studies indicate that the mechanism of nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue
(NALT) organogenesis is different from that of other lymphoid tissues. NALT has an …

Several specific conclusions can be drawn from these studies: 1. IL-4 is required for the
generation of both primary polyclonal and secondary antigen-specific IgE responses in vivo …

Recent studies in experimental animals and humans have shown that the mucosal immune
system, which is characterized by secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies as the major humoral …

Mice deficient in interleukin-5 (IL-5−/− mice) were generated by gene targeting in embryonal
stem cells. Contrary to previous studies, no obligatory role for IL-5 was demonstrated in the …

IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin produced in mammals; most is secreted as a
dimer across mucous membranes. This review discusses the different mechanisms of …

The respiratory tract mucosa is not only the site of infection for influenza viruses but also the
site of defense against virus infection. Viruses are initially detected and destroyed non …

Effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) on IgA production by LPS-stimulated B
cells have been studied. TGF-beta itself could augment polyclonal IgA production in …

Animals contain an enormous load of non‐pathogenic bacteria in the lower intestine, which
exploit an environment with a stable temperature and abundant carbon sources. Our load of …

Freshly isolated murine PP B cells were cultured with 10 different cytokines, including IL-1
alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta, to investigate a …

Antigen-specific B cell responses to mucosally delivered proteins are dependent upon CD4-
positive T helper (Th) cells, and the frequency of Thl and Th2 cell responses after oral …