Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused
by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

The role of mitochondrial function in health and disease has become increasingly
recognized, particularly in the last two decades. Mitochondrial dysfunction as well as …

Background Quercetin, a bioflavonoid abundant in grapefruit, onion, berries, etc., has vast
therapeutic potential, especially against Type 2 diabetes and its complications. Quercetin …

The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease
in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The …

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and are involved in essential functions of the
cell, including ATP production, intracellular Ca 2+ regulation, reactive oxygen species …

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at high risk for macrovascular
complications, which represent the major cause of mortality. Despite effective treatment of …

Sarcopenic obesity and diabetes are two increasing health problems worldwide, which both
share many common risk factors, such as aging, and general obesity. The pathogenesis of …

Insulin resistance is one of the earliest defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Over
the past 50 years, elucidation of the insulin signalling network has provided important …

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as an overabundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or a
deficiency of antioxidants, has been linked to sperm damage and male infertility. There are …