Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have emerged as an essential tool in machine learning,
achieving remarkable success across diverse domains, including image and speech …

Depression is an episodic form of mental illness characterized by mood state transitions with
poorly understood neurobiological mechanisms. Antidepressants reverse the effects of …

Synaptic dysfunction is closely related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) which is also recognized
as synaptic disorder. β-amyloid (Aβ) is one of the main pathogenic factors in AD, which …

Multicellular organisms have co-evolved with complex consortia of viruses, bacteria, fungi
and parasites, collectively referred to as the microbiota. In mammals, changes in the …

Standard treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumours includes high-dose
megavoltage-range radiation to the cranial vault. About half of patients survive> 6 months …

Humans and most animals can learn new tasks without forgetting old ones. However,
training artificial neural networks (ANNs) on new tasks typically causes them to forget …

Dendritic spines are small, thin, specialized protrusions from neuronal dendrites, primarily
localized in the excitatory synapses. Sophisticated imaging techniques revealed that …

Over a decade ago, it was discovered that microglia, the brain's immune cells, engulf
synaptic material in a process named microglial pruning. This term suggests that microglia …

Memory, defined as the storage and use of learned information in the brain, is necessary to
modulate behavior and critical for animals to adapt to their environments and survive …

Consolidation of implicit memory in the invertebrate Aplysia and explicit memory in the
mammalian hippocampus are associated with remodeling and growth of preexisting …