The eukaryotic cell is highly complex. Ever since Robert Hooke discovered “cells” in 1665
when training his comparably primitive microscope on a sliver of cork, scientists have aimed …

Drug-efflux by pump proteins is one of the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in
bacteria. Here, we use quantitative fluorescence microscopy to investigate the real-time …

Most of the current methods for controlling the formation rate of a key protein or enzyme in
cell factories rely on the manipulation of target genes within the pathway. In this article, we …

Background Heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli often suffers from
bottlenecks such as proteolytic degradation, complex purification procedures and toxicity …

Most organisms must cope with temperature changes. This involves genes and gene
networks both as subjects and agents of cellular protection, creating difficulties in …

Antibiotic responses in bacteria are highly dynamic and heterogeneous, with sudden
exposure of bacterial colonies to high drug doses resulting in the coexistence of recovered …

Fluctuations in the number of nascent RNA accurately reflect transcriptional activity.
However, mathematical models predicting their distributions are difficult to solve analytically …

We introduce a biologically detailed, stochastic model of gene expression describing the
multiple rate-limiting steps of transcription, nuclear pre-mRNA processing, nuclear mRNA …

Gene expression inherently gives rise to stochastic variation (“noise”) in the production of
gene products. Minimizing noise is crucial for ensuring reliable cellular functions. However …

The simultaneous expression of the hunchback gene in the numerous nuclei of the
develo** fly embryo gives us a unique opportunity to study how transcription is regulated …