Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a
worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant'(MDR) …

Antibiotic resistance can be reduced by using antibiotics prudently based on guidelines of
antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) and various data such as pharmacokinetic (PK) …

Evidence-based guidelines for implementation and measurement of antibiotic stewardship
interventions in inpatient populations including long-term care were prepared by a …

Bacterial resistance is a growing threat and yet few new antibiotics active against multi-
resistant bacteria are being explored. A combination of falling profits, regulatory …

New drug deployment strategies are imperative to address the problem of drug resistance,
which is limiting the management of infectious diseases and cancers. We evolved resistance …

Simple Summary Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, especially that caused by Gram-
negative bacteria, have posed serious health issues worldwide. Bacteria have different …

Within a susceptible wild-type population, a small fraction of cells, even< 10− 9, is not
affected when challenged by an antimicrobial agent. This subpopulation has mutations that …

Alternating antibiotic therapy, in which pairs of drugs are cycled during treatment, has been
suggested as a means to inhibit the evolution of de novo resistance while avoiding the …

Co-resistance involves transfer of several genes into the same bacteria and/or the
acquisition of mutations in different genetic loci affecting different antimicrobials whereas …

The evolution of resistance to pesticides and drugs by pests and pathogens is a textbook
example of adaptation to environmental changes and a major issue in both public health …