Background There is growing evidence that an addictive‐eating phenotype may exist. There
is significant debate regarding whether highly processed foods (HPFs; foods with refined …

Cues associated with rewards, such as food or drugs of abuse, can themselves acquire
motivational properties. Acting as incentive stimuli, such cues can exert powerful control …

A spirited and thought-provoking history of the vast changes that transformed Europe during
the 1,000-year span of the Middle Ages The millennium between the breakup of the western …

Rationale This review provides insight for the judicious selection of nicotine dose ranges
and routes of administration for in vivo studies. The literature is replete with reports in which …

If reward-associated cues acquire the properties of incentive stimuli they can come to
powerfully control behavior, and potentially promote maladaptive behavior. Pavlovian …

Dendritic spines are multifunctional integrative units of the nervous system and are highly
diverse and dynamic in nature. Both internal and external stimuli influence dendritic spine …

Reward-seeking behaviors depend critically on dopamine signaling—dopamine neurons
encode reward-related information by switching from tonic to phasic (burst-like) activity …

Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity and a particularly common
and intractable addictive disorder. Research shows that nicotine is a sine qua non of …

Tobacco use is associated with 5 million deaths per year worldwide and is regarded as one
of the leading causes of premature death. Comprehensive programmes for tobacco control …

It is now widely accepted that nicotine is the primary addictive component of tobacco smoke
and that a majority of habitual smokers find it difficult to quit smoking because of their …