Red blood cells (RBCs) are a specialised organ that enabled the evolution of multicellular
organisms by supplying a sufficient quantity of oxygen to cells that cannot obtain oxygen …

Betaine is known as trimethylglycine and is widely distributed in animals, plants, and
microorganisms. Betaine is known to function physiologically as an important …

Parkinson's disease (PD) occurs in approximately 1% of the population over 65 years of age
and has become increasingly more common with advances in age. The number of …

Malaria is a significant public health problem in more than 100 countries and causes an
estimated 200 million new infections every year. Despite the significant effort to eradicate …

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant cellular tripeptide (L‐γ‐glutamate‐L‐cysteinyl‐
glycine) which is as critical as oxygen and water. This low molecular mass antioxidant has a …

As the red cell emerges from the bone marrow, it loses its nucleus, ribosomes, and
mitochondria and therefore all capacity for protein synthesis. However, because of the high …

Although individuals with homozygous sickle cell disease (HbSS) share the same genetic
mutation, the severity and manifestations of this disease are extremely heterogeneous. We …

Red blood cells can be stored in liquid suspension in approved additive solutions for
periods up to 6weeks with 0.4% hemolysis, 84% 24-h in vivo recovery, and normal …

Glutamine is a multifaceted amino acid used for hepatic urea synthesis, renal
ammoniagenesis, gluconeogenesis in both liver and kidney, and as a major respiratory fuel …

Protein S-glutathionylation, the reversible binding of glutathione to protein thiols (PSH), is
involved in protein redox regulation, storage of glutathione, and protection of PSH from …