A group of European experts was commissioned by the European Chapter of the
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology to gather knowledge about the state of …

In the past three decades, our understanding of brain–behavior relationships has been
significantly shaped by research using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques …

Motor learning encompasses a wide range of phenomena, ranging from relatively low-level
mechanisms for maintaining calibration of our movements, to making high-level cognitive …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct and alternating current
stimulation (tDCS, tACS) are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques increasingly used for …

Since the rediscovery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) about 10 years ago,
interest in tDCS has grown exponentially. A noninvasive stimulation technique that induces …

Athletes are continually seeking new technologies and therapies to gain a competitive edge
to maximize their health and performance. Athletes have gravitated toward the use of …

Abstract The exploits of Martina Navratilova and Roger Federer represent the pinnacle of
motor learning. However, when considering the range and complexity of the processes that …

Recent years have seen significant progress in our understanding of the neural substrates of
motor skill learning. Advances in neuroimaging provide new insight into functional …

Motor control is the study of how organisms make accurate goal-directed movements. Here
we consider two problems that the motor system must solve in order to achieve such control …

Among all neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) stands out for its high
level of expression in the brain and its potent effects on synapses. It is now widely accepted …