Nearly all fish have flexible bodies that bend as a result of internal muscular forces and
external fluid forces that are dynamically coupled with the mechanical properties of the body …

Fish fins do not contain muscles, yet fish can change their shape with high precision and
speed to produce large and complex hydrodynamic forces—a combination of high morphing …

Inspired by the composition of “hard” fin rays and “soft” collagen and the non-segmented
and segmented composite structure of fish fins, we propose a partially segmented laminated …

Free rays are ventral pectoral fin rays (lepidotrichia) that are free of the pectoral fin webbing.
They are some of the most striking adaptations of benthic fishes. Free rays are used for …

Fish fins from Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)“probably represents the most elaborate and
refined adaption to efficient interaction with water that has ever evolved”(1). They do not …