Aortic aneurysm is a chronic aortic disease affected by many factors. Although it is generally
asymptomatic, it poses a significant threat to human life due to a high risk of rupture …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to play key roles in the progression of …

Retinal ganglion cells, the neurons that die in glaucoma, are endowed with a high
metabolism requiring optimal provision of oxygen and nutrients to sustain their activity. The …

Endothelial cell (EC) metabolism is important for health and disease. Metabolic pathways,
such as glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid metabolism, determine vasculature …

Recent studies demonstrated that mitochondrial antioxidant MnSOD that reduces
mitochondrial (mito) reactive oxygen species (ROS) helps maintain an optimal balance …

MMP activation plays a causal role in the elastogenesis (production) and elastolysis
(degradation) in the arterial wall (Figure; Table). Elastin fibers are effectively digested by …

Background: Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection (AAD) are life-threatening vascular
diseases, with endothelium being the primary target for AAD treatment. Protein S …

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), whose consequence
may be a pulmonary embolism (PE). Thrombosis is associated with significant morbidity and …

A disturbance of the structure of the aortic wall results in the formation of aortic aneurysm,
which is characterized by a significant bulge on the vessel surface that may have …