Non-invasive brain stimulation methods, such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS),
are widely used worldwide to make causality-based inferences about brain-behavior …

Brain activity during sleep is characterized by circuit-specific oscillations, including slow
waves, spindles and theta waves, which are nested in thalamocortical or hippocampal …

Sleep is universal, tightly regulated, and its loss impairs cognition. But why does the brain
need to disconnect from the environment for hours every day? The synaptic homeostasis …

Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the
retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of “sleep and …

The combination of pharmacology and transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the effects
of drugs on TMS-evoked EMG responses (pharmaco-TMS-EMG) has considerably improved …

Non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS) techniques such as transcranial
magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current stimulation (TCS) are important tools in …

Over the past 50 years, ketamine has solidified its position in both human and veterinary
medicine as an important anesthetic with many uses. More recently, ketamine has been …

In recent decades, increasing evidence has positioned slow-wave sleep (SWS) as a major
actor in neurophysiological phenomena such as glucose metabolism, hormone release …

Sleep has been identified as a state that optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired
information in memory, depending on the specific conditions of learning and the timing of …

This article is based on a consensus conference, which took place in Certosa di Pontignano,
Siena (Italy) on March 7–9, 2008, intended to update the previous safety guidelines for the …