The metazoan cGAMP-activated cGAS–STING innate immunity pathway is triggered in
response to genomic instability and DNA damage, thereby providing host defense against …

The effect of membrane transporters on drug disposition, efficacy and safety is now well
recognized. Since the initial publication from the International Transporter Consortium …

The neurotransmitter dopamine has central roles in mood, appetite, arousal and movement.
Despite its importance in brain physiology and function, and as a target for illicit and …

A wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic organic ions require facilitated transport
systems to cross the plasma membrane for their disposition. In mammals, organic cation …

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are ubiquitous signalling molecules in all domains of life,.
Mammalian cells produce one CDN, 2′ 3′-cGAMP, through cyclic GMP–AMP synthase …

Monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine are loaded by vesicular
monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) into synaptic vesicles for storage and subsequent …

Upon activation by double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), the cytosolic dsDNA sensor cyclic GMP-
AMP synthase (cGAS) synthesizes the diffusible cyclic dinucleotide 2′ 3′-cGAMP (cyclic …

Background: Quassinoids are degraded triterpene compounds that can be obtained from
various species of the Simaroubaceae plant family, including Eurycoma longifolia …

Thiamine (vitamin B1) functions as an essential coenzyme in cells. Humans and other
mammals cannot synthesise this vitamin de novo and thus have to take it up from their diet …

Folate (vitamin B9) is the coenzyme involved in one-carbon transfer biochemical reactions
essential for cell survival and proliferation, with its inadequacy causing developmental …