Opioid receptors comprise μ (MOP), δ (DOP), κ (KOP), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP)
receptors. Opioids are agonists of MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors, whereas …

Opioid receptors and their ligands produce powerful analgesia that is effective in
perioperative period and chronic pain managements accompanied with various side effects …

Endogenous opioids are synthesized in vivo to modulate pain mechanisms and
inflammatory pathways. Endogenous and exogenous opioids mediate analgesia in …

The ability to screen compounds in a high-throughput manner is essential in the process of
small molecule drug discovery. Critical to the success of screening strategies is the proper …

The observation of the immunomodulatory effects of opioid drugs opened the discussion
about possible mechanisms of action and led researchers to consider the presence of opioid …

This review provides an overview of the immunological effects of commonly used analgesic
opioid drugs, focusing mainly on two aspects: the mechanisms involved and the potential …

The common ectodermal origin of the skin and nervous systems can be expected to predict
likely interactions in the adult. Over the last couple of decades much progress has been …

Opioids were originally discovered because of their ability to induce analgesia, but further
investigation has shown that the opioids regulate the function of cells involved in the …

Understanding how pharmaceutical opioids and antipyretic analgesics interact with the
immune system potentially has major clinical implications for management of patients with …

Opiate abuse and HIV-1 have been described as interrelated epidemics, and even in the
advent of combined anti-retroviral therapy, the additional abuse of opiates appears to result …