Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and
chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they …

Agonists for the μ-opioid receptor are powerful analgesics and are highly addictive;
however, the contribution of the δ-and κ-opioid and opioid receptor-like receptors to …

Decades of research advances have established a central role for endogenous opioid
systems in regulating reward processing, mood, motivation, learning and memory …

Achieving effective pain management is one of the major challenges associated with
modern day medicine. Opioids, such as morphine, have been the reference treatment for …

Classical opioid analgesics, including morphine, mediate all of their desired and undesired
effects by specific activation of the μ‐opioid receptor (μ receptor). The use of morphine for …

Similar to μ opioid receptors, κ and δ opioid receptors reside in the periphery, the dorsal root
ganglion, the spinal cord, and in supraspinal regions associated with pain modulation. Both …

Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the
treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance …

The combination of fluorescent genetically encoded proteins with mouse engineering
provides a fascinating means to study dynamic biological processes in mammals. At …

Since the serendipitous discovery of the first class of modern antidepressants in the 1950's,
all pharmacotherapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for major depressive …

The classic model of GPCR activation proposed that all agonists induce the same active
receptor conformation. However, research over the last decade has shown that GPCRs exist …