A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented
challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and …

Vaccines play a critical role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Future control of the
pandemic requires improved vaccines with high efficacy against newly emerging SARS-CoV …

Evidence suggests that innate and adaptive cellular responses mediate resistance to the
influenza virus and confer protection after vaccination. However, few studies have resolved …

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants
and “anatomical escape” characteristics threaten the effectiveness of current coronavirus …

Current available vaccines for COVID-19 are effective in reducing severe diseases and
deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection but less optimal in preventing infection. Next …

An ideal vaccine both attenuates virus growth and disease in infected individuals and
reduces the spread of infections in the population, thereby generating herd immunity …

Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the
potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic …

In China, H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become widely prevalent in poultry, causing
huge economic losses after secondary infection with other pathogens. Importantly, H9N2 …

The relationship between diabetes and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is
bidirectional: Although individuals with diabetes and high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) …