Until recently, deep-level phylogeny in Lepidoptera, the largest single radiation of plant-
feeding insects, was very poorly understood. Over the past two decades, building on a …

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with
plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However …

Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the major superradiations of insects,
comprising nearly 160,000 described extant species. As herbivores, pollinators, and prey …

Summary Butterflies (Papilionoidea), with over 18,000 described species [1], have
captivated naturalists and scientists for centuries. They play a central role in the study of …

Butterfly scales are among the richest natural sources of optical nanostructures, which
produce structural color and iridescence. Several recurring nanostructure types have been …

This paper presents an updated checklist of the butterflies of Europe, together with their
original name combinations, and their occurrence status in each European country …

Background Higher-level relationships within the Lepidoptera, and particularly within the
species-rich subclade Ditrysia, are generally not well understood, although recent studies …

The global increase in species richness toward the tropics across continents and taxonomic
groups, referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient, stimulated the formulation of many …

The macroevolutionary history of the megadiverse insect order Lepidoptera remains little-
known, yet coevolutionary dynamics with their angiospermous host plants are thought to …

Global warming is predicted to dramatically alter communities' composition through
differential colonization abilities, such as between sessile plants and their mobile …