Abstract Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction
model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for …

By synthesizing recent studies employing a wide range of approaches (modern
observations, paleo reconstructions, and climate model simulations), this paper provides a …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Abstract The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) exerts a dominant role in global climate by
releasing huge amounts of water vapour and latent heat to the atmosphere and modulating …

This paper describes version 3 of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA3) ocean
reanalysis with enhancements to model resolution, observation, and forcing datasets, and …

Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) drives the ongoing global warming and can best be
assessed across the historical record (that is, since 1960) from ocean heat content (OHC) …

The ocean takes up about 93% of the global warming heat entering Earth's climate system.
In addition, the associated thermal expansion contributes substantially to sea-level rise …

Recent studies highlight that oceanic motions associated with horizontal scales smaller than
50 km, defined here as submesoscales, lead to anomalous vertical heat fluxes from colder to …

Between about 1998 and 2012, a time that coincided with political negotiations for
preventing climate change, the surface of Earth seemed hardly to warm. This phenomenon …

This is a review about the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), its mean
structure, temporal variability, controlling mechanisms, and role in the coupled climate …