This paper reviews recent progress made in our understanding of the functioning and
variability of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) on time scales varying from …

We review the history of the South American summer monsoon (SASM) over the past~ 2000
yr based on high-resolution stable isotope proxies from speleothems, ice cores and lake …

In 2023 Amazonia experienced both historical drought and warm conditions. On October
26th 2023 the water levels at the port of Manaus reached its lowest record since 1902 (12.70 …

Summary The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes climatic fluctuations in the tropics
and extratropics via atmospheric teleconnections. The anomalous Pacific sea surface …

A weeklong workshop in Brazil in August 2004 provided the opportunity for 28 scientists
from southern South America to examine daily rainfall observations to determine changes in …

Rainfall variability in the Amazon basin (AB) is analysed for the 1964-2003 period. It is
based on 756 pluviometric stations distributed throughout the AB countries. For the first time …

The influence of the opposite phases of ENSO on the frequency of extreme rainfall events
over South America is analyzed for each month of the ENSO cycle on the basis of a large set …

Two simultaneous extreme events affected tropical South America to the east of the Andes
during the austral summer and fall of 2012: a severe drought in Northeast Brazil and intense …

The hydro-climatic variability of the Colombian Andes associated with El Niño–Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) is reviewed using records of rainfall, river discharges, soil moisture, and …

Interannual variability is an important modulator of synoptic and intraseasonal variability in
South America. This paper seeks to characterize the main modes of interannual variability of …