This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The
aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the …

The structure of molecules, particularly the dynamic changes in structure, plays an essential
role in understanding physical and chemical phenomena. Time-resolved (TR) scattering …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high
harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable crystallographic structure determination beyond
the limitations imposed upon synchrotron measurements by radiation damage. The need for …

Diffraction-before-destruction imaging with ultrashort X-ray pulses can visualize non-
equilibrium processes, such as chemical reactions, with sub-femtosecond precision in the …

Free-electron lasers providing ultra-short high-brightness pulses of X-ray radiation have
great potential for a wide impact on science, and are a critical element for unravelling the …

Over the last 20 years, XUV and X-ray free-electron lasers have enabled a wide variety of
time-resolved experiments that have dramatically advanced our understanding of ultrafast …

New capabilities at X-ray free-electron laser facilities allow the generation of two-colour
femtosecond X-ray pulses, opening the possibility of performing ultrafast studies of X-ray …

Ultrafast changes of charge density distribution in diamond after irradiation with an intense x-
ray pulse (photon energy, 7.8 keV; pulse duration, 6 fs; intensity, 3× 10 19 W/cm 2) have …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable obtaining novel insights in structural biology. The
recently available MHz repetition rate XFELs allow full data sets to be collected in shorter …