Since Darwin's conception of sexual selection theory, scientists have struggled to identify the
evolutionary forces underlying the pervasive differences between male and female …

For sexual selection to act on a given sex, there must exist variation in the reproductive
success of that sex as a result of differential access to mates or fertilisations. The …

Despite rising interest among scientists for over two centuries, parental care behavior has
not been as thoroughly studied in amphibians as it has in other taxa. The first reports of …

Many organisms have evolved adaptations to increase the odds of survival of their offspring.
Parental care has evolved several times in animals including ectotherms. In amphibians …

Introduction Individuals should aim to adjust their parental behaviours in order to maximize
the success of their offspring but minimize associated costs. Plasticity in parental care is well …

Abstract “Sex roles” are intuitively associated to stereotypic female and male sexual
strategies and in biology, the term “sex role” often relates to mating competition, mate choice …

ABSTRACT The Darwin–Bateman paradigm predicts that females enhance their fitness by
being choosy and mating with high‐quality males, while males should compete to mate with …

The ability to associate environmental cues with valuable resources strongly increases the
chances of finding them again, and thus memory often guides animal movement. For …

Parental care systems are shaped by costs and benefits to each sex of investing into current
versus future progeny. Flexible compensatory parental care is mainly known in biparental …

An animal's behavioral phenotype comprises several traits, which are hierarchically
structured in functional units. This is manifested in measured behaviors often being …