Pathological calcification of cartilage is a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA). Calcification can be
observed both at the cartilage surface and in its deeper layers. The formation of calcium …

Purpose of review Bone fracture healing is a complex physiological process relying on
numerous cell types and signals. Inflammatory factors secreted by immune cells help to …

A thick dentin layer forms the bulk of dental mineralized dental tissues. Dentin is capped by
a crown made of highly mineralized and protective enamel, and in the root, it is covered by …

In vertebrates and invertebrates, biomineralization is controlled by the cell and the proteins
they produce. A large number of these proteins are intrinsically disordered, gaining some …

Biomineralisation of collagen involves functional motifs incorporated in extracellular matrix
protein molecules to accomplish the objectives of stabilising amorphous calcium phosphate …

The polymer-controlled and bioinspired precipitation of inorganic minerals from aqueous
solution at near-ambient or physiological conditions avoiding high temperatures or organic …

Introduction 3. Morphology of matrix vesicles (MVs) 3.1. Conventional transmission electron
microscopy 3.2. Cryofixation, freeze-substitution electron microscopy 3.3. Freeze-fracture …

The impact of genetics has dramatically affected our understanding of the functions of non-
collagenous proteins. Specifically, mutations and knockouts have defined their cellular …

The skeleton is a target organ for most metals. This leads to their bioaccumulation, either as
storage of useful oligoelements or as a protection against damage by toxic elements. The …

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is an extracellular matrix protein found in mineralized tissues of the
skeleton and dentition. BSP is multifunctional, affecting cell attachment and signaling …