Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) continues to be among the most common
diseases seen by gastroenterologists, surgeons, and primary care physicians. Our …

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent, severe and costly motor disability of childhood.
Consequently, CP is a public health priority for prevention, but its aetiology has proved …

Nonrandomized observational analyses of large electronic patient databases are being
promoted as an alternative to randomized clinical trials as a source of “real-world evidence” …

Background Researchers and organizations often use evidence from randomized controlled
trials (RCTs) to determine the efficacy of a treatment or intervention under ideal conditions …

Many paediatric clinical research studies, whether observational or interventional, have as
an eventual aim the identification or quantification of causal relationships. One might ask …

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and in most cases steroid hormone-producing
tumor with variable prognosis. The purpose of these guidelines is to provide clinicians with …

Corticosteroids are administered in pregnancy for their immunosuppressive and
antiinflammatory effects. 1 They are used to treat symptoms of autoimmune conditions …

Confounding by indication poses a significant threat to the validity of nonexperimental
studies assessing effectiveness and safety of medical interventions. While no different from …

This Review is intended to help clinicians, patients, and the public make informed decisions
about statin therapy for the prevention of heart attacks and strokes. It explains how the …

Population-based health care databases are a valuable tool for observational studies as
they reflect daily medical practice for large and representative populations. A constant …