Work function (WF) of a material is not only an intrinsic characteristic of bulk but also a
surface property. The measurement and control of WF have been of great concern in many …

The work function, which is the energy barrier for an electron esca** from the surface of a
material, is a fundamental material surface property with many applications spanning energy …

The vertical integration of distinct 2D materials in van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures
provides the opportunity for interface engineering and modulation of electronic as well as …

Discussing theory and transport, synthesis, processing, properties, and applications, this
second edition of a standard resource covers advances in the field of electrically conducting …

Do** limits, band gaps, work functions and energy band alignments of undoped and
donor-doped transparent conducting oxides ZnO, In 2 O 3, and SnO 2 as accessed by X-ray …

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), such as indium tin oxide and zinc oxide, play an
important role as electrode materials in organic-semiconductor devices. The properties of …

DOI: 10.1002/adma. 201505162 revealed an ultra-low density of trap states and of free
carriers. Here, we use these macroscopic crystals to obtain an in-depth characterization of …

Rare-earth β-diketonates are complexes of β-diketones (1, 3-diketones) with rare-earth ions.
These complexes are the most popular and the most intensively investigated rare-earth …

Polymer solar cells have been spotlighted due to their potential for low-cost manufacturing
but their efficiency is still less than required for commercial application as lightweight/flexible …

Many significant fundamental concepts and practical applications have developed since the
publication of the best-selling second edition of the Handbook of Conducting Polymers. Now …