Land surface temperature (LST) is a crucial parameter that reflects land–atmosphere
interaction and has thus attracted wide interest from geoscientists. Owing to the rapid …

Vegetation greenness has been increasing globally since at least 1981, when satellite
technology enabled large-scale vegetation monitoring. The greening phenomenon, together …

Satellite data show increasing leaf area of vegetation due to direct factors (human land-use
management) and indirect factors (such as climate change, CO2 fertilization, nitrogen …

Land change is a cause and consequence of global environmental change,. Changes in
land use and land cover considerably alter the Earth's energy balance and biogeochemical …

Global environmental change is rapidly altering the dynamics of terrestrial vegetation, with
consequences for the functioning of the Earth system and provision of ecosystem services 1 …

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) is increasing, which increases leaf‐scale
photosynthesis and intrinsic water‐use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential …

Executive summary Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing
and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and …

Vegetation dynamics and phenology play an important role in inter-annual vegetation
changes in terrestrial ecosystems and are key indicators of climate-vegetation interactions …

There is now ample evidence of the ecological impacts of recent climate change, from polar
terrestrial to tropical marine environments. The responses of both flora and fauna span an …

Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in
all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are …