Planets form and obtain their compositions in disks of gas and dust around young stars. The
chemical compositions of these planet-forming disks regulate all aspects of planetary …

How and where did life on Earth originate? To date, various environments have been
proposed as plausible sites for the origin of life. However, discussions have focused on a …

Carbonaceous meteorites are thought to be fragments of C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids.
Samples of the C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu were retrieved by the Hayabusa2 …

Presented here are the observations and interpretations from a comprehensive analysis of
16 representative particles returned from the C-type asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 …

Samples of the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu were collected and brought to Earth
by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We investigated the macromolecular organic matter in Ryugu …

Volatile and organic-rich C-type asteroids may have been one of the main sources of Earth's
water. Our best insight into their chemistry is currently provided by carbonaceous chondritic …

Context. Water is a key molecule in the physics and chemistry of star and planet formation,
but it is difficult to observe from Earth. The Herschel Space Observatory provided …

Saturn's moon Enceladus has an ice-covered ocean; a plume of material erupts from cracks
in the ice. The plume contains chemical signatures of water-rock interaction between the …

Saturn's moon Enceladus harbours a global water ocean 1, which lies under an ice crust
and above a rocky core 2. Through warm cracks in the crust 3 a cryo-volcanic plume ejects …

Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean beneath an icy crust. Conditions within the
ocean are unknown, and it is unclear whether it is connected to the surface. We observed …