Ocular diseases seriously affect patients' vision and life quality, with a global morbidity of
over 43 million blindness. However, efficient drug delivery to treat ocular diseases …

Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have revolutionized the
treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD). However, many …

The recent introduction of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has
remarkably expanded our knowledge of the choroid through in vivo investigation of the …

Microglia, the primary resident immune cell type, constitute a key population of glia in the
retina. Recent evidence indicates that microglia play significant functional roles in the retina …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), constituted by an extensive network of endothelial cells (ECs)
together with neurons and glial cells, including microglia, forms the neurovascular unit …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a progressive condition that is untreatable in up
to 90% of patients, is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly worldwide. The two forms of …

There is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between the components of the
photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/Bruch's membrane (BrMb)/choriocapillaris …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in aged
individuals. Recent advances have highlighted the essential role of immune processes in …

Blood vessel networks expand in a 2-step process that begins with vessel sprouting and is
followed by vessel anastomosis. Vessel sprouting is induced by chemotactic gradients of the …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most frequent cause of irreversible
blindness in the elderly in developed countries. Our previous studies implicated activation of …