Solar wind fast streams emanating from solar coronal holes cause recurrent, moderate
intensity geomagnetic activity at Earth. Intense magnetic field regions called Corotating …

Coronal holes are the darkest and least active regions of the Sun, as observed both on the
solar disk and above the solar limb. Coronal holes are associated with rapidly expanding …

Observations of solar wind from both large polar coronal holes (PCHs) during Ulysses' third
orbit showed that the fast solar wind was slightly slower, significantly less dense, cooler, and …

Ulysses is now completing its second solar polar orbit, drop** back down in latitude as the
Sun passes through its post‐maximum phase of the solar cycle. A mid‐sized circumpolar …

The last solar minimum, which extended into 2009, was especially deep and prolonged.
Since then, sunspot activity has gone through a very small peak while the heliospheric …

Learning from successful applications of methods originating in statistical mechanics,
complex systems science, or information theory in one scientific field (eg, atmospheric …

The composition of the solar wind can be used to determine its origin at the Sun; eg, solar
wind from coronal holes has demonstrably lower charge states than solar wind of other …

Mercury's regolith, derived from the crustal bedrock, has been altered by a set of space
weathering processes. Before we can interpret crustal composition, it is necessary to …

This study provides, for the first time, complete and validated observations from the first three
years (2009–2011) of the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission. Energetic neutral …

The global features of the modulation of galactic cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei in a
very quiet heliosphere are studied with a comprehensive, three-dimensional, drift model and …